10. Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad 1

Title Thumbnail & Hero Image: Great Brahmana-Hindu Sage was developed on July 31, 2024.
10. Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad 1

First revision: May 26, 2026

Last change: Aug.28, 2026

Searched, gathered, rearranged, translated, and compiled by Apirak Kanchanakongkha.

Page 1

The four states of human awareness, as described in the Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad, an early Brahman-Hindu philosophical text, consist of:

1. Viśva (विश्व - वैश्वानर - Vaiśvānara): The state of awakening; the self turns outward and perceives the coarse physical world through the senses.
2. Taijasa (तैजसा): The state of dreaming; the self turns inward and perceives subtle mental objects, dreams, and visions.
3. Prajña (प्राज्ञ): The state of deep sleep; the self rests without desire or dreaming, existing as an undifferentiated mass of awareness and potential.
4. Turīya (तुरीय): A transcendent state, a pure consciousness that lies behind, bears witness to, and transcends the first three states. It is a state that represents the ultimate truth and the true self (Atman).

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