9. Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 1

Title Thumbnail & Hero Image: Ether, the classic and the fifth element of the Universe, developed on June 28, 2026.
9. Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 1

First revision: May 26, 2026

Last change: Oct.12, 2026

Searched, gathered, rearranged, translated, and compiled by Apirak Kanchanakongkha.

Page 1

“Now answer us a further question: Agni, Vāyu, Āditya, Kāla (time), which is breath (Prāṇa), Anna (food), Brahmā, Rudra, Viṣṇu. Thus do some meditate on him, some on another. Say which of these is the best for us?” And he said to them: “These are but the chief manifestations of the highest, the immortal, the incorporeal Brahman. … Brahman, indeed, is all this, and a man may meditate on, worship, or discard also those which are its manifestations.” (i. 1. 1).
“Two kinds of knowledge must be known, the higher and the lower. The lower knowledge is that which the Ṛg, Sāma, Atharva Veda, Ceremonial, Grammar give… but the higher knowledge is that by which the indestructible Brahman is apprehended.” (i. 1. 4-5).
It is the universal self, which is immanent as well as transcendent. The whole universe lives and breathes in it. “The moon and the sun are its eyes, the four quarters of the sky its ears, the wind its breath.” (i. 1).
“He who is this Brahman in man, and who is that in the sun, those are one.” (ii. 1. 10).
Brahman is the simple, individual, absolutely self-identical, One, without a second. Once he is looked at as the creator or Īśvara, again as the Created or Hiraṇyagarbha. Even this Brahmā comes from the Brahman. (iii. 13. 1).
Virāṭ is all, the hypostatization of the conception of the world as a whole. It is the totality of things, the sum of all existence. “This is he, the internal Ātman of all created things whose head is Agni, whose eyes are the Sun and the Moon, whose ears are the four directions, whose speech is the Vedas which have emanated from Him, whose breath is Vāyu, whose heart is all the universe, and from whose feet the earth proceeded.” (iv. 4. 11).
The eye does not go thither, nor speech nor mind. We do not know. We do not understand how anyone can teach it (the real). (ii. I).

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