9. Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 1

Title Thumbnail & Hero Image: Ether, the classic and the fifth element of the Universe, developed on June 28, 2026.
9. Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 1

First revision: May 26, 2026

Last change: Aug.16, 2026

Searched, gathered, rearranged, translated, and compiled by Apirak Kanchanakongkha.

Page 1

“Now answer us a further question: Agni, Vāyu, Āditya, Kāla (time), which is breath (Prāṇa), Anna (food), Brahmā, Rudra, Viṣṇu. Thus do some meditate on him, some on another. Say which of these is the best for us?” And he said to them: “These are but the chief manifestations of the highest, the immortal, the incorporeal Brahman. … Brahman, indeed, is all this, and a man may meditate on, worship, or discard also those which are its manifestations.” (Muṇḍaka, i. 1. 1).
“Two kinds of knowledge must be known, the higher and the lower. The lower knowledge is that which the Ṛg, Sāma, Atharva Veda, Ceremonial, Grammar give… but the higher knowledge is that by which the indestructible Brahman is apprehended.” (Muṇḍaka, i. 1. 4-5).
It is the universal self, which is immanent as well as transcendent. The whole universe lives and breathes in it. “The moon and the sun are its eyes, the four quarters of the sky its ears, the wind its breath.” (Muṇḍaka, i. 1).

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