Title Thumbnail & Hero Image: René Descartes, source: https://cards-the-universe-and-everything.fandom.com/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes, access date: Jun.19, 2025.
C05. René Descartes
First revision: Jun.18, 2025
Last change: Jun.24, 2025
Searched, Gathered, Rearranged, Translated, and Compiled by Apirak Kanchanakongkha.
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René Descartes was a famous philosopher and mathematician in the early modern period of Western civilization. In addition to being the pioneer of modern philosophy, Descartes was also a pioneer of analytic geometry. He invented the Cartesian coordinate system, which was the foundation for the development of calculus. Descartes is considered one of the most important people in modern Western history. His ideas have influenced contemporary thinkers and later philosophers. It is collectively called rationalism, which is the main philosophical idea in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. (Source: th.wikipedia.org, accessed on November 25, 2021.)

Meditations on First Philosophy in the Italian language (published in 1698 AD), source: www.libreriagonnelli.it, access date: Jun.24, 2025.
The illusory world or the Matrix, developed on June 24, 2025.