Picture of Lord Rāma was developed on Aug.13, 2024.
01. Bālakāṇḍa - Sarga 1
First revision: Jul.16, 2024
Last change: Sep.13, 2024
Searched, Gathered, Rearranged, Translated, and Compiled by Apirak Kanchanakongkha.
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Nārada01 was a bull among sages, devoted to austerities and self-studying. He was an ascetic and supreme among those who were eloquent. Vālmīki asked him, ‘Right now, who in this world is valorous and possesses all the qualities? Who knows about Dharma02 and about what has been done? Who is truthful in his words and firm in his vows? Who also possesses good conduct and is engaged in the welfare of all creatures? Who is also learned and capable? Who alone is the handsome one? Who has control over himself and has conquered anger? Who is radiant and devoid of jealousy? When his anger is aroused in a battle, who are even the gods scared of? I wish to hear about all this. My curiosity is excellent. O great sage! You are the person who is capable of knowing about this kind of man. Nārada knew about the three worlds.03 On hearing these words, he was delighted.
The Meeting of Sage Ṛṣi Nārada and Sage Vālmīki, source: artandculture.google.com, access date: Aug.22, 2022.
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01. Ṛṣi Nārada Muni (नारद) is also called Ṛṣi Narad or Phra Narot (later in Thailand, there was a creator of amulets, the name was distorted to "Phra Rot" and became "Phra Rod," and it is also suitable for the Thai language which means to escape, so it is popular to call this type of amulet as Phra Rod) or Phra Narad (Na-ra-tha) is a wandering musician (the inventor of "वीणा - Veena" - gourd lute) and a storyteller, a messenger of news and ideas that create intellectual light, a son of Brahmā (ब्रह्मा), born from the psychic power of Brahmā (One of the mind-born sons of Brahmā), the first disciple of Nārāyaṇa (नारायण) and the one who reported the stories of the human world to Śiva. Ṛṣi Nārada Muni is the chief messenger of heaven and plays a significant role in the Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa, as well as in the Purāṇas. In the Rāmāyaṇa, the sage advised Hanumān (हनुमान्) to use the water from his well, i.e., the saliva from Hanumān's mouth, to extinguish the fire when Hanumān went to burn Laṃka (or Lañkā - लङ्का - กรุงลงกา). In the Mahābhārata, Nārada Muni delivered the news to Kṛṣna (कृष्ण), Rāma (राम), Yudhiṣṭhira (युधिष्ठिर), and Arjuna (अर्जुन). In the Kurukṣetra (कुरुक्षेत्र) War, Nārada Muni told Rāma, "Bhīma (भीम) is fighting with Duryodhana with a club." When Aniruddha (अनिरुद्ध) disappeared, Nārada Muni informed Kṛṣna, "Aniruddha has been captured and imprisoned by the king of Bhana." And when Dhṛtarāṣṭra (धृतराष्ट्), Gāndhārī (गान्धारी), Kuntī (कुन्ती), and Vidura (विदुर) died, Nārada Muni was the one who told Duryodhana (दुर्योधन)'s weakness to Arjuna." Nārada Muni was also the one who told the story of Rāma to Ṛṣi Vālmīki, which became the epic Rāmāyaṇa. In Bollywood, especially in movies about gods, the most memorable line of Nārada Muni is "Nārāyaṇa, Nārāyaṇa." source: th.wikipedia.org and en.wikipedia.org, retrieved on 8 November 2017. and oknation.nationtv.tv, retrieved on 9 November 2017.
02. Dharma (धर्म): We will not translate the word Dharma because no word can clearly explain all its meanings, whether it is duty, good conduct, morality, ethics, governance (for the king), or abstract or spiritual. With this deep meaning, it depends on the context.
03. Heaven, Earth, and the land below. Or, in other words, Heaven, Earth, and the land between Heaven and Earth.
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He invited Vālmīki to listen and said, ‘O sage! The many qualities you have recounted are scarce. Using my intelligence, I will tell you about such a man. I have heard about him.01 He was born in the lineage of Ikṣvāku02, and he is known to people as Rāma (राम). He is self-controlled in his soul and immensely courageous. He is radiant, possesses grit, and is capable of controlling.03 He is intelligent and follows good policy. He is eloquent and handsome. He is a destroyer of enemies. He possesses broad shoulders and mighty arms. His neck is like a conch shell, and his cheekbones stand out. His chest is wide, and his bow is enormous. He is a subjugator of enemies, and his collarbones are hidden. His arms stretch down to his knees, and he has an excellent head and a beautiful forehead. His tread is superb. He is medium in size, and his limbs are well-proportioned. He is pleasant in complexion and powerful. His chest is muscled, and his eyes are large. He is prosperous and possesses all the auspicious qualities. He knows about Dharma. He is firm in adhering to the truth and is devoted to the welfare of the subjects. He is famous and full of learning. He is pure, controlled, and has restrained himself. He is a protector of the world of the living and is also a protector of Dharma. He knows the truth about the Vedas04 and Vedāṅgas05 and is skilled in Dhanurveda.06 He knows the truth about all the sacred texts. He is resplendent and knows the Smṛti texts.07 He is virtuous and is loved by all the people. He can discriminate and is not distressed in his soul. Just as all rivers head towards the ocean, all virtuous people approach him. He is noble08 and impartial towards everyone. He alone is the handsome one.
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01. From Brahmā. Nārada recounts the core story of the Rāmāyaṇa in brief.
02. Ikṣvāku (इक्ष्वाकु), the first king og Solar (सूर्यवंश - Sūryavaṃśa) dynasty.
03. This second reference to control concerns the senses and vices.
04. The Vedas (वेद) are comprised of four vedas: Ṛg-Veda (ऋग्वेद), Sāma-Veda (सामवेद), Yajur Veda (यजुर्वेद), and Atharva Veda (अथर्ववेद).
05. The Vedāṅgas (वेदाङ्ग - Vedāṅga) is comprised of six parts of the Vedas. There are auxilaries sastras: śīkṣa (शीक्ष - phonetics or articulation and pronunciation), Kalpa (कल्प - social thought or rituals), vyākaraṇa (व्याकरण - grammar), Nirukta (निरुक्त, exposition of words, etymology), Chandas (छन्द - or Chhanda - metrics or prosody), jyotiṣa (ज्योतिष - Vedic astronomy), and additional part, alaṃkāraśāstra (अलंकारशास्त्र - the study of figures of speech).
06. Dhanurveda (धनुर्वेद) is the science of war or fighting and archery.
07. This can also be translated as possessing an excellent memory. However, the sacred texts are of two types - Śruti (श्रुति) and Smṛti (स्मृति). The texts mentioned earlier, as Rāma knows, are Śruti texts. Therefore, it seems natural to interpret this as Smṛti texts.
08. The word used is Ārya or Āryā (आर्य or आर्या).
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The one who extends Kausalyā’s01 lineage thus possesses all the qualities. In his gravity, he is like the ocean. In his patience, he is like the Himālayas02. He is like Viṣṇu in valor.03 He is as handsome as the moon. In his rage, he is like the fire of destruction.04 In generosity, he is like the lord of riches.05 Yet again, he is like Dharma06 in truthfulness. Rāma possesses such qualities, and the truth is his courage. He is the eldest and possesses the best of qualities. He is Daśaratha’s beloved son. In his affection, the lord of the earth wished to instate him as the heir apparent.07 His wife, Kaikeyee, saw arrangements being made for the consecration.08 The queen asked for the boons she had been granted earlier—that Rāma be exiled and Bharata be anointed. The king was bound by the sanctity of his words and by the noose of Dharma. Daśaratha banished his beloved son, Rāma. To follow his father’s instructions and do what would bring pleasure to Kaikeyee, the brave one honored the pledge and left for the forest. When he left, his beloved brother, Lakṣmaṇa, the extender of Sumitrā’s joy and full of affection and humility, followed him. Rāma’s wife, Sītā, is supreme among women and possesses all the auspicious qualities. She also followed him, like Rohini09 followed the moon.10 For some distance, the citizens and his father, Daśaratha, also followed him and then took leave of his son in Śṛṅgaverapura11 on the banks of the Gaṅgā.12 They crossed rivers full of water from one forest to another.
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01. कौसल्या - Kausalyā, Rāma's mother.
02. The Himālayas - (हिमालय - Himālaya)
03. This sentence argues that the idea of Rāma as Viṣṇu's incarnation is later.
04. The fire that comes at the time of the destruction of a yuga (era).
05. Kubera (कुबेर - ท้าวกุเวร)
06. The god of Dharma.
07. Daśaratha (दशरथ) wanted to make Rāma the crown prince.
08. Daśaratha had three wives - Kausalyā, Kaikeyī, and Sumitra. Daśaratha had granted two boons to Kaikeyī earlier, boons she would redeem when the time was right. Bharata was Kaikeyī's son. Lakṣmaṇa and Śatrughna were Sumitra's sons.
09. Rohini (रोहिणी), the favorite consort of Chandra (चन्द्र), the moon god.
10. The twenty-seven nakṣtras (नक्षत्रम् - Nakṣatram) are married to the moon god, though the moon god loves Rohini (Aldebaran) more. The nakshatras are not quite stars; they can also be constellations.
Guha arranged for a boat to take Rāma, Sītā, and Lakṣmaṇa across the river—source: www.hindu-blog.com, access date: August 20, 2024.
11. Śṛṅgaverapura (शृङ्गवेरपुर) - A sacred place. Guha (गुह), the ruler of this place, ferried Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa across the river Gaṅgā. It became a holy spot by the touch of Śrī Rāma’s feet. Now, it is called Shringverpur (Singraur), a village (near Allahabad) in Uttar Pradesh, Bhārata.
12. Gaṅgā (गङ्गा), a goddess and a great river.
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Finally, they arrived in Citrakūṭa01, under Bharadvāja's control.02 In that beautiful forest, the three constructed a beautiful abode and dwelt happily, like the gods and Gandharvas.03 When Rāma left for Citrakūṭa, lamenting with sorrow on account of his son, King Daśaratha went to heaven. When he died, the Brahmanas, with Vashiṣṭa04 at the forefront, wished to instate Bharata as the king, but the powerful one did not desire the kingdom. The brave one went to the forest and, falling at Rāma's feet, sought his favors.05 Bharata's elder brother repeatedly asked Bharata to return and gave him his sandals for the kingdom's sake. With his desire unsatisfied, he touched Rāma's feet. Wishing to wait for Rāma's return, he began to rule the kingdom from Nandigrāma.06 Rāma discerned that he might return there again, and so might citizens and other people. Single-minded, he entered Daṇḍaka.06 He slew the Rākṣasa07 Viradha and saw Śarabhaṅga.08 He met Sutīkṣṇa09, Agastya10, and his brother. Following Agastya's words, he received Indra's bow and arrow, a sword, and two inexhaustible quivers and was highly pleased.11 Rāma dwelt in the forest. With the other forest dwellers, all the sages approached him so that the Asuras and Rākṣasas could be slain. While he dwelt there, a Rākṣasa lady named Śūpaṇakhā,12 who resided in Janasthāna13 and could assume any form at will, was disfigured.14 Goaded by Śūpaṇakhā's word, all the Rākṣasas attacked - Khara15, Triśiras16, and the rākṣasa Dūṣaṇa17.
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01. Citrakūṭa or Chitrakuta (चित्रकूट) - It is difficult to pin down Chitrakura now - it could have been in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, or Chhattisgarh
02. Bharadvāja (भरद्वाज), one of the great seven sages (सप्तर्षि - Saptarṣi)
03. Gandharvas (गन्धर्व - Gandharva) - Semi-divine species, companions of Kubera, celestial musicians.
04. Vashiṣṭa (वसिष्ठ), one of The Saptarṣi.
Bharata received the Rāma's sandals, source: www.hindu-blog.com, access date: Aug.23, 2024.
05. Bharata wanted Rāma to return and become king, but Rāma refused. Thereupon, Bharata returned with Rāma's sandals, which would be placed on the throne.
06. Nandigrāma (नन्दिग्राम) - it is stated in Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Ayodhyākāṇḍa that while Śrī Rāma had been leading forest life, Bharata lived in Nandigrāma for twelve years worshipping the sandals of Śrī Rāma. This Nandigrāma is situated nearly fourteen miles away from Ayodhyā (अयोध्य - อโยธยา).
07. Daṇḍaka (दण्डक) or Daṇḍakāraṇya (दण्डकारण्य) - Rāma was single-minded that his exile should not be disturbed. Etymologically, the forest of Daṇḍaka, or Daṇḍakāraṇya, has a sense of punishment; that is, it is a place to which one was exiled or banished. Today, Daṇḍakāraṇya straddles several central Bhārata states.
07. Rākṣasa (राक्षस) - Demon.
08. Śarabhaṅga (शरभङ्ग) He was a great sage living in the Daṇḍaka forest. Before Rāma visited his āśrama18, Indra appeared to take the sage to the abode of Brahma world. The last wish of sage Śarabhaṅga was to meet Rāma before leaving the mortal world. After meeting Rāma and performing the necessary rites, the sage burned himself by throwing his gross body into the fire, and his divine (subtle) body rose to heaven.
09. Sutīkṣṇa (सुतीक्ष्ण - สุตีกษณะ), before Rāma came to visit his āśrama, Indra invited him to visit the world of the gods. As Rāma neared his āśrama, Indra said, "I will come to see Rāma when I have completed my great task." He was the brother and disciple of Ṛṣi Agastya. He was initially called Duṣpaṇya (दुष्पण्य), was evil, but later became a good person after someone sprinkled holy water from the Gaṅgā on him.
10. Agastya (अगस्त्य) - He was one of the earliest Saptarṣi (referring to Jaiminiya Brahmana, Book 2, Adhyaya 218-221, and Gopatha Brahmana, Book 1, Adhyaya 2, Sloka 8). He was well known as a demon-conquering sage. He was a short, stocky sage, the son of Varuṇa (वरुण), and had great powers.
11. He obtained these weapons from Agastya, and Indra gave them to Agastya.
12. Śūpaṇakhā or Shurpanakha (सूर्पणखा - ศูรปณขา หรือ สำมนักขา), she is Rāvaṇa (रावण)'s younger sister.
13. Janasthāna (जनस्थान) is a place in Daṇḍakāraṇya. The place where Śūpaṇakhā's nose (and ears) were severed is identified as Nāsika (नासिक).
14. Lakṣmaṇa severed her nose and ears.
15. Khara (खर) - He was a twin brother of Dūṣaṇa and a cousin of Rāvaṇa {In Thai Version of Rāmāyaṇa (Ramakien) states that he was the younger brother of Rāvaṇa}. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa killed him.
16. Triśiras (त्रिशिर) - He was the son of Rāvaṇa. (Ramakien states that he was the younger brother of Rāvaṇa and died from an arrow shot by Rāma.)
17. Dūṣaṇa (दूषण) - (Ramakien states that he was the younger brother of Rāvaṇa) was a twin of Khara, who ruled Daṇḍaka forest and died together with Khara.
18. āśrama (आश्रम), a place where one strives towards a goal in a disciplined manner. Such a goal could be ascetic, spiritual, yogic, or other.
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In the ensuing battle, Rāma slew them and their followers. He killed fourteen thousand rākṣasas. On hearing that his relatives had been killed, Rāvaṇa became senseless with rage. He summoned and sought the help of the Rākṣasa named Mārīca01. Mārīca tried to restrain Rāvaṇa several times. "O Rāvaṇa! You will not be pardoned if you oppose someone as powerful as him." Rāvaṇa, goaded by destiny, did not heed these words. With Mārīca, he went to his hermitage02. The two princes were drawn far away by the one versed in maya03. Having slain the vulture Jaṭāyu,04 he05 abducted Rāma's wife.
The Famous portrait by Raja Ravi Varma, "Rāvaṇa cuts off Jaṭāyu's wing while abducting Sītā," is from en.wikipedia.org, and the access date is Sep.19, 2023.
On hearing about Maithilī, Rāghava was tormented by sorrow.06 He lamented, his senses distracted. In that state of grief, he cremated the vulture Jaṭāyu. While he was searching for Sītā in the forest, he saw a Rākṣasa. His name was Kabandha07. He was malformed and terrible to see. The mighty-armed one killed him. While he08 ascended toward heaven, he told him about Śabarī09, a follower of Dharma. "O Raghava! This ascetic lady is full of Dharma. Go to her." The immensely energetic one, the slayer of enemies, went to Śabarī. Śabarī properly worshipped Daśaratha's son. On the shores of the Pampa, he met the ape Hanumat.10 In Hanumat's words, he met Sugrīva11. The powerful Rāma told Sugrīva everything that had happened. In affection and full of grief, the king of the apes told Rāma everything about the enmity.12 The ape also told him about Vālin13's strength. Rāma promised that he would kill Vālin. However, Sugrīva always suspected the extent of Rāghava's valor.
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01. Mārīca (मरीच) - The uncle of Rāvaṇa. A son of Sunda and Tāḍaka, set up by Rāvaṇa to take the form of a golden deer to secure Sītā, killed by Rāma.
02. Rāma's
03. Maya is the power of illusion; Mārīca used these powers to adopt the form of a deer and draw Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa away.
04. Vulture Jaṭāyu (जटायु)
05. Rāvaṇa
06. Maithilī or Maithilee (मैथिली) is Sītā, daughter of the king of Mithilā, Janaka. Videha was the kingdom, and Mithilā was the capital. Sītā is thus also known as Vaidehi (वैदेही - ไวเดหิ). Raghu (रघु - ราฆุ) was one of Rāma's ancestors. Hence, Rāma is referred to as Rāghava (राघव - ราฆพ).
07. Kabandha (कबन्ध), a Rākṣasa with "headless body".
08. Kabandha
09. Śabarī or Shabaree (शबरी), A woman of the tribe of forest-dwellers. Śrī Rāma, during his life in the forest, gave her salvation. Śabarī, in her former life, was the only daughter of Mālinī of the Gandharva King, Citrakavaca. An erudite scholar, Vītihotra, married her. As he was ever immersed in contemplation of Brahman, his wife Mālinī (later Śabarī) kept one hunter, Kalmāṣa, as her paramour, and her husband cursed her thus: "As you have become a lover of the hunter, you turn out to be a hunter-woman."
10. Hanumat (हनुमत्)
11. Sugrīva (सुग्रीव)
12. The enmity between Vālin13 and Sugrīva.
13. Vālin (वालिन्) or Valin or Vali or Bāli - Vālin and Sugrīva were the two sons of Ahalyā (अहल्या), wife of Gautama ṛṣi. Without knowing her ascetic husband, she conceived secretly and gave birth to two sons, Vālin, the elder, by Indra, and Sugrīva, the younger, by Sūrya. Tārā was the most beloved wife of Vālin and Aṅgada (अङ्गद), a fruit of their union. In the Tattvasaṃgraha Rāmāyaṇa, the story is that Vālin, monkey king of unmatched energy, son of Ahalyā and Indra, went to the spot where the churning of the ocean was going on. On seeing the fatigue of the gods, Viṣṇu requested Indra to persuade his son to help the gods in their act. When Indra did accordingly, Viṣṇu decorated the Monkey King Vālin with a necklace of divine golden lotuses and showered upon him many blessings, amongst which one was that he would always be invincible in duels because half of the energy of his adversary would go to him. Filled with joy with such unexpected honors, Vālin took both ends of the snake to agitate the mountain. (Tattvasaṃgraha Rāmāyaṇa, Kiṣkindhā-khaṇḍa, 5)
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Dundubhi's gigantic skeleton was there.01 Rāghava used the big toe on his foot to fling these ten yojanas away to establish credibility.02 Yet again, with one single and large arrow, he pierced seven sala trees.03 he also dispatched a mountain to the nether regions to generate confidence. After this, the giant ape was assured and delighted in his mind. He went with Rāma to Kiṣhkindhā04 and the mouth of the cave.
Picture of Vālin was developed on Sep.6, 2024.
Sugrīva, supreme among apes and golden brown in complexion, started to roar there. On hearing this roar, the lord of the apes05 emerged. Following Sugrīva's words, he killed Vālin in the encounter. Rāghava returned the kingdom to Sugrīva and instated him there. The bull among apes summoned all the apes. He sent them to search for Janaka's daughter in all directions. The strong Hanumat heard the words of the vulture, Saṃpāti.06 He leaped over the salty ocean that extended for one hundred yojanas. He reached the city of Lanka, ruled by Rāvaṇa. He saw Sītā meditating in the forest of Ashoka. To establish Vaidehi's confidence, he gave her the sign07 he had been given. He comforted her and broke down the gate. He killed five foremost commanders and seven sons of ministers. Having crushed the brave Aksha, he allowed himself to be captured. Because of a boon from their grandfather,08 knew he could free himself from any weapon. However, the brave one wished to tolerate the rākṣasas and those who captured him. Except for Maithilī Sītā, he burnt down the city of Lañkā. The giant ape returned to bring Rāma pleasure and give him the news. Having reached, he circumambulated the great-souled Rāma. The one whose soul is immeasurable reported how he had seen Sītā. With Sugrīva, he09 went to the shores of the great ocean.
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01. Dundubhi, a gigantic demon in the form of a buffalo, is killed by Vālin.
02. A yojana is between 8 and 9 miles away.
03. A large tree, Shorea robusta.
04. The kingdom of the apes.
05. Vālin.
06. Jaṭāyu's elder brother.
07. Rāma's ring.
08. Brahma.
09. Rāma
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He agitated the ocean with arrows like the sun's rays. The ocean, the lord of the rivers, showed himself. On the words of the sea, he01 asked Nala02 to construct a bridge. Using this, he went to the city of Lañkā and killed Rāvaṇa in the battle. He instated Vibhīṣaṇa03, Indra among rākṣasas, in the kingdom of Lañkā. Because of the great-souled Rāghava's deeds, the mobile and immobile objects in the three worlds and the gods and the sages were satisfied. Supremely content, all the gods worshipped him. Having accomplished his task, Rāma was delighted and devoid of anxiety. He revived all the slain apes after obtaining a boon from the gods.
Right: Nala (white monkey with blue face) and Nīla (blue monkey) talking with Rāma. Left: Nala and Nīla direct the monkeys to place the stones in the ocean. Made in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, Bhārata - Philadelphia Art Museum, source: en.wikipedia.org, access date: Sep.8, 2024.
Ascending Puṣpaka,04, he left for Nandigrāma. In Nandigrāma, with his brothers, the unblemished one removed his matted hair. Rāma got Sītā back and also brought back his kingdom. The people are joyous and delighted. Those who are scrupulous in following Dharma are nurtured. There is recovery from disease. There are no famines, and everything is devoid of fear. No man has to witness the death of his son. Women are not ignoble and never become widows. They are devoted to their husbands. There is no fear of the wind. Creatures never get submerged in water. There is no fear of fire. It is precisely as it was in Kṛta Yuga.05 He performs one hundred horse sacrifices and gives away a lot of gold. Following the appropriate ordinances, he gives away crores of cattle to the learned. Rāghava will establish one hundred royal lineages that possess all the qualities. In this world, he will engage the four Varṇas06 in their respective tasks. Rāma will thus honor the kingdom for eleven thousand years and then go to the Brahma's world.
'This is a sacred account and destroys all sins. It is encouraging and in conformity with the Vedas. If a person reads about this conduct, he is cleansed of all sins.
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01. Rāma
02. Nala
03. Vibhīṣaṇa (พิเภก) - Rāvaṇa's younger brother.
04. Puṣpaka, a celestial vehicle, vimāna (विमान). This belonged originally to Kubera but was seized by Rāvaṇa.
05. Kṛta Yuga (कृतयुग), see page 5 The Puranas 1.
06. Varṇa (वर्ण), mainly comprises of Brāhamaṇas (ब्राह्मण - Brāhamaṇa), Kṣatriyas (क्षत्रिय - Kṣatriya), Vaiśyas (वैश्य - Vaiśya) and Śūdras (शूद्र - Śūdra).
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A man who reads the account of the Rāmāyaṇa has a long life with his sons, grandsons, and followers. After death, he obtains greatness in heaven. A Brāhmaṇa who reads this becomes eloquent in speech, a Kṣatriya obtains lordship over land, a merchant01 obtains the fruits of trading and a Śūdra person obtains greatness.'
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01. That is, a Vaiśya.
Bālakāṇḍa - Sarga 2
Hearing Nārada's words, who was accomplished in speech, the great sage,02 with Dharma in his soul, worshipped him, accompanied by his disciple. Having been appropriately worshipped, the celestial sage, Nārada, took his leave and departed through the sky03 to the world of the gods. After some time had passed,04 the sage went to the banks of the Tamasā05, not very far from the Jahnavī.06 The great sage reached the banks of the Tamasā. With his disciple standing next to him, he saw that this Tirtha07 was free from all mud.08 He said, 'O Bharadvaja!09 Look.
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02. Vālmīki.
03. Alternatively, left for heaven.
04. The text uses the word muhūrta (मुहूर्त). It is a measure of time. More specifically, it is forty-eight minutes or 1/30 of a day.
05. Tamasā (तमसा), a sacred river. People of Bhārata were using the water of this river for drinking. (Śloka 3, Adhyāya 9, Bhīṣma Parva, Mahābhārata). The famous āśrama of Vālmīki was on the banks of this river. This place was the scene of the well-known episode of the Krauñca birds and the famous curse of Vālmīki beginning with 'Mā niṣāda' (Bāla Kāṇḍa, Sarga 2, Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa). A tributary that flows through Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Vālmīki's hermitage was on the banks of the Tamasā.
06. Jahnavī (जाह्नवी) is the Gaṅgā.
07. Tirtha or Tīrtha (तीर्थ - ตีรถะ), a "crossing place (transition or junction), ford."
References:
01. from. Debroy, Bibek. The Valmiki Ramayana: Vol. 1. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. Kindle Edition.
02. from. Debroy, Bibek. The Valmiki Ramayana: Vol. 1. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 9780143428046, First Publishing, 2017. Haryana, Bhārata.
03. from. "The Illustrated Ramayana: The Timeless Epic of Duty, Love, and Redemption," ISBN: 978-0-2414-7376-4, Penguin Random House, 2017, Printed in Mainland China, www.dk.com.
04. from. "The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki - THE COMPLETE ENGLISH TRANSLATION," translated by Robert P. Goldman, Sally J. Sutherland Goldman, Rosalind Lefeber, Sheldon I. Pollock, and Barend A. van Nooten, verified by Robert P. Goldman and Sally J. Sutherland Goldman, ISBN 978-0-6912-0686-8, 2021, Princeton University Press, printed in United States.
05. from. HTTP://www.wisdomlib.org.
