Bharat Miscellaneous 1

Bhārat Miscellaneous 1

First revision: Jul.27, 2023
Last change: Apr.16, 2026
Searched, gathered, rearranged, translated, and compiled by Apirak Kanchanakongkha.

Page 1

1. The National Anthem of the Republic of India

Jana Gaṇa Mana

	Romanization	Devanagari - Eng.
	Jana gaṇa mana adhināyaka jaya he	जनगणमन-अधिनायक जय हे Oh! the ruler of the minds of people, Victory to to you
	Bhārata bhāgya vidhātā	भारतभाग्यविधाता! The dispenser of the destiny of India!
	Punjāba Sindha Gujarāta Marāṭhā	पंजाब सिंधु गुजरात मराठा द्राविड़ Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Maharashtra
	Drāviḍa Utkala Banga	उत्कल बंग Dravid (South India), Orissa, and Bengal
	Vindhya Himāchala Yamunā Gangā	विंध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा The Vindhya, the Himalayas, the Yamuna, the Ganges,
	Ucchala jaladhi taranga	उच्छलजलधितरंग and the oceans with foaming waves all around.
	Tava śubha nāme jāge	तव शुभ नामे जागे Wake up listening to Your auspicious name,
	Tava śubha āśiṣa māge	तव शुभ आशिष मागे Ask for Your auspicious blessings,
	Gāhe tava jaya gāthā	गाहे तव जयगाथा। And sing to Your glorious victory.
	Jana gaṇa mangala dāyaka jaya he	जनगणमंगलदायक जय हे Oh! You who impact well being to the people!
	Bhārata bhāgya vidhāta	भारतभाग्यविधाता! Victory be to you, dispenser of the destiny of India!
	Jaya he jaya he jaya he	जय हे, जय हे, जय हे Victory to You!
	Jaya jaya jaya jaya he!	जय जय जय जय हे।। Victory to You!

Page 2

The 16 Mahājanapadas of Bhāratavarṣa

Image shows: The 16 Mahājanapadas of Bhāratavarṣa (भारतवर्ष), 1500-600 BC., source: globalsecurity.org, accessed date: Jan.22, 2021.

1) Kāmboja (काम्बोज) - The capital city is Puṣkalāvatī or called Pushkalavati or called Pooncha (पुष्कलावती). Some say that Rajapura is now in Pakistan, in the northwest of Bhārata.
2) Kāśī (काशी) - The capital city is Vārāṇas (वाराणसी - called Benares now)
3) Kuru (कुरु) - The capital city is Indraprastha (इन्द्रप्रस्थ)
4) Kosala (कोसल) - The capital city is Sāvatthī (Bali) or Śrāvastī (श्रावस्ती ) - Sanskrit.
5) Gandhāra (गन्धार) - The capital city is Takṣaśilā (तक्षशिला)
6) Cedī or Chedi or Cetiya (चेदी) - The capital city is Śuktimatī (शुक्तिमती)
7) Pañcāla - Panchala (पञ्चाल) - The capital city is Kampila or Kampil (कम्पिल)
8) Magadha (मगध) - The capital city is Rājagṛha (राजगृह).
9) Matsya or Machcha or Macchā (मत्स्य) - The capital city is Virāṭanagara (विराटनगर).
10) Malla or Malava (मल्ला) - The capital city is Kusāvatī (कुसावती) - Later it was divided into Kusinārā (कुसिनारा) and Pāvā (पाव).
11) Vatsa or Vaṃsa (वंश) - The capital city is Kosambī (कोसम्बी)
12) Vajji or Vṛji (वृजि) - The capital city is Vesālī (वेसाली)
13) Sūrasena (सूरसेन) - The capital city is Mathurā (मथुरा)
14) Avanti (अवन्ति) - The capital city is Ujjayinī or Ujjain (उज्जयिनी)
15) Aṅga (अङ्ग) - The capital city is Caṃpā or Champa (चंपा) and
16) Assaka or Aśmaka (अश्मक) - The capital city is Potali or Potana (पोतालि).
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Varṇa (Caste)^01.

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The four main orders of the varṇāśrama system.

The Four Main Castes of Ancient Hindu, developed on Apr.16, 2026.
1.

		Mother's Caste
		*Brāhmaṇa (ब्राह्मण)*	*Kṣatriya (क्षत्रिय)*	*Vaiśya (वैश्य)*	Śūdra, Shudra (शूद्र)
Father's Caste	*Brāhmaṇa (ब्राह्मण)*	Brāhmaṇa (ब्राह्मण)	Ambaṣṭha (अम्बष्ठ)⁰²	Ugra (उग्र)	Pāraśava (पारशव), Niṣāda (निषाद)
	*Kṣatriya (क्षत्रिय)*	Sūta (सूत)	Kṣatriya (क्षत्रिय)	Ambaṣṭha (अम्बष्ठ)	Ugra (उग्र)
	*Vaiśya (वैश्य)*	Rāmaka (रामक)	Pulkasa (पुल्कस)⁰³	Vaiśya (वैश्य)	Ambaṣṭha (अम्बष्ठ)
	*Śūdra, Shudra (शूद्र)*	Caṇḍāla (चण्डाल)	Vaiṇa (वैण)⁰⁴	Antyāvasāyin (अन्त्यावसायिन्)	Śūdra, Shudra (शूद्र)

Notes & Narratives:
^01. from. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABta, access date: Apr.15, 2026.
^02. Refer to www.wisdomlib.org: The offspring of a man of the Brāhmaṇa and a woman of the Vaiśya tribe.
^03. Refer to www.wisdomlib.org: A son born to a Kṣatriya woman of a Śūdra, and an impure and degraded tribe born of the Brāhmaṇa by a Kṣatriya female.
^04. Refer to www.wisdomlib.org: A maker or cutter of bamboo.
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दिग्गज - Diggaja or अष्टदिग्गज - Aṣṭadiggajas
1.

दिग्गज - Diggaja or अष्टदिग्गज - Aṣṭadiggajas, developed on Apr.12, 2026.
1.

Diggaja (दिग्गज), Diggajas are elephants (gaja) who support and guard the directions (दिक् - dik - direction, quarter, space). one (Diggaja) of the eight elephants said to guard and preside over the eight cardinal points.

Aṣṭadiggajas has two meanings:

1. The eight great Telugu poets and philosophers of the court of Emperor Kṛsṇadevarāya of the Vijayanagara Empire in the 16th century marked a golden age for Telugu literature. These eight poets are celebrated as intellectual pillars and produced numerous important literary works.

2. Aṣṭadiggajas, - (अष्टदिग्गज - 'eight elephants of the quarters') is a group of eight legendary elephants that appear in Hindu cosmology, serving as the guardians of the eight zones of the universe. There are also eight female elephants that stand beside the Aṣṭadiggajas, referred to as the Aṣṭadikkariṇīs (अष्टादिक्करिणी).

Directions	Male	Female
East (पूर्वं - purvah - บูรพา)	Airāvata (ऐरावत)	Abhramu (अभ्रमु)
South-east (दक्षिण-पूर्व - Dakshin-purvah - ทักษิณ - บูรพา )	Puṇḍarīka (पुण्डरीका)	Kapilā (कपिल)
South (दक्षिण - Dakshin - ทักษิณ)	Vāmana (वामन)	Piṅgalā (पिङ्गला)
South-west (दक्षिण-पश्चिम - Dakshin-paschim - ทักษิณ-ประจิม)	Kumada (कुमादा)	Anupamā (अनुपमा)
West (पश्चिमाम् - Paschimaam - ประจิม)	Añjana (अञ्ञाण)	Tāmrakarṇī (ताम्रकर्णी)
North-west (वायव्य-पश्चिमाम् - vayavya-paschimaam - พายัพ-ประจิม)	Puṣpadanta (पुष्पदन्त इति)	Śubhradantī (शुभ्रदन्ती)
North (उत्तर - Uttar - อุดร)	Sārvabhauma (सर्वभौम)	Aṅganā (अङ्गना)
North-east (ईशान-पूर्वम् - ishan-purvam - อิสาน-บูรพา)	Supratīka (सुप्रतीका)	Añjanāvatī (अञ्जनावती)

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